A noun is a word that you only use for naming people, places, things, animals! It functions as a subject, object of a preposition.
Plural forms of a noun have usually an -s at the end of the word. But there is another irregular form that hasn´t got the -s at the end.
Ex:
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| fish | fish |
| tooth | teeth |
| man | men |
| woman | women |
| Simple Present/Präsens einfache Gegenwart |
P: He speaks. N: He does not speak. F: Does he speak? |
|
always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually If-Satz Typ I (If I talk, …) |
| Present Progressive/Verlaufsform des Präsens Verlaufsform der Gegenwart |
P: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. F: Is he speaking? |
|
at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now |
| Simple Past/Präteritum einfache Vergangenheit |
P: He spoke. N: He did not speak. F: Did he speak? |
|
yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …) |
| Past Progressive/Verlaufsform des Präteritum Verlaufsform der Vergangenheit |
P: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. F: Was he speaking? |
|
when, while, as long as |
| Present Perfect Simple/Perfekt vollendete Gegenwart |
P: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. F: Has he spoken? |
|
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now |
| Present Perfect Progressive/Verlaufsform des Perfekt Verlaufsform der vollendeten Gegenwart |
P: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. F: Has he been speaking? |
|
all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week |
| Past Perfect Simple/Plusquamperfect Vorvergangenheit |
P: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. F: Had he spoken? |
|
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day If-Satz Typ III (If I had talked, …) |
| Past Perfect Progressive/Verlaufsform des Plusquamperfect Verlaufsform der Vorvergangenheit |
P: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. F: Had he been speaking? |
|
for, since, the whole day, all day |
| Future I Simple(will) Futur I Zukunft |
P: He will speak. N: He will not speak. F: Will he speak? |
|
in a year, next …, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.) Vermutung: I think, probably, perhaps |
| Future I Simple/(going to) | P: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. F: Is he going to speak? |
|
in one year, next week, tomorrow |
| Future I Progressive/Verlaufsform des Futur Verlaufsform der Zukunft |
P: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. F: Will he be speaking? |
|
in one year, next week, tomorrow |
| Future II Simple/Futur II vollendete Zukunft |
P: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. F: Will he have spoken? |
|
by Monday, in a week |
| Future II Progressive/Verlaufsform des Futur II Verlaufsform der vollendeten Zukunft |
P: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. F: Will he have been speaking? |
|
for …, the last couple of hours, all day long |
Sometimes we use a quantifier in the place of a determiner:
Most children start school at the age of five.
We ate some bread and butter.
We saw lots of birds.
We use these quantifiers with both count and uncount nouns:
| all | any | enough | less | a lot of | lots of |
| more | most | no | none of | some |
and some more colloquial forms:
| plenty of | heaps of | a load of | loads of | tons of | etc. |
Some quantifiers can be used only with count nouns:
| both | each | either | (a) few | fewer | neither | several |
and some more colloquial forms:
| a couple of | hundreds of | thousands of | etc. |
Some quantifiers can be used only with uncount nouns:
| a little | (not) much | a bit of |
And, particularly with abstract nouns such as time, money, trouble, etc:, we often use:
| a great deal of | a good deal of |
| nach: | the first | Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship. Gagarin war der erste, der in einem Raumschiff flog. |
| the last | Peter was the last to watch the film. Peter war der letzte, der den Film sah. |
|
| the next | He is the next to get his passport. Er ist der nächste, der seinen Ausweis bekommt. |
| nach: | Adjektiven | I’m happy to be here. Ich bin froh, hier zu sein. |
| It’s better not to smoke. Es ist besser, nicht zu rauchen. |
| nach: | bestimmten Verben (agree, choose, forget, hope, learn, promise, regret*, want, …) |
I learn to drive a car. Ich lerne Autofahren. |
| nach: | Fragewörtern | I don’t know what to say. Ich weiß nicht, was ich sagen soll. |
| Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop? Kannst du mir sagen, wie ich zur Bushaltestelle komme? |
| nach: | want/would like | I want you to help me. Ich möchte, dass du mir hilfst. |
| Verb + Objekt + to-infinitive | I helped my dad to clean the car. Ich habe meinem Vater geholfen, das Auto sauber zu machen. |
ACHTUNG!!!
| I want to help you. | I want you to help me. |
| Ich möchte dir helfen. | Ich möchte, dass du mir hilfst. |
rigth form of to be + past participle
If you want to make an active sentence to a passive sentence, you have to observe:
- the subject from the active sentence turns to the object from the passive sentence
- The object from the active sentence turns to the subject from the passive sentence
Examples:
|
Tense |
Active |
Passive |
|
Simple present |
I make a cupcake. |
A cupcake is made by me |
|
Simple past |
I made a cupcake. |
A cupcake was made by me. |
|
Present perfect |
I have made a cupcake. |
A cupcake has been made by me |
|
Will-future |
I will make a cupcake. |
A cupcake will be made by me. |
|
Auxiliary verbs (Hilfsverben) |
I would make a cupcake. |
A cupcake would be made by me. |
MIND THE BACKSHIFT OF TENSES!!!
Auxilary verbs e.g.:
can , would , must , may , have , able
Using the passive:
QUIZ :
Put the active sentences into passive sentences
1. My mother cleans the bathroom.
2. Yesterday, I downloaded a new App.
3. He likes and comments her Photo on Facebook.
Put the passive sentences into active sentence
1. The book was red by a student.
2. The strawberries were picked up by many children.
3. Whats App was bought by Facebook for 19 million dollars.
by Kevin, Clara, Julia and Emma
Topics that have to be worked on are:
With he, she, it you have to add a -s at the end of the verb.
Example: I run, you run, he/she/it runs, we run, you run, they run